Why visas get refused, and the fix for each reason

In most systems yes, straight away and with a new government fee: the refusal letter lists the grounds, and a fresh application that answers each ground usually does better than an appeal, which only some routes offer (for example UK family visas and Australian onshore decisions). A few decisions carry a bar, typically for false documents or statements, so read the letter for any time limit before paying again.

Almost never. Government fees pay for the decision, not the outcome, and visa application centre charges are not returned either. Japan is the exception among the countries here: its visa fee is collected only when the visa is issued. Vistolane's filing fee is refunded under the on-time guarantee, not for a refusal.

You must declare it. Every major application form asks about previous refusals, and an undeclared refusal is itself a ground for refusal; in the United Kingdom deception in an application can bring a 10-year ban. A declared refusal with a short explanation and the corrected evidence is routine and is read as a fixed file, not a weak one.

The refile flow in the applicant portal lists the grounds from the letter, maps each one to the document or fact that answers it, reuses the documents that were already fine and files again; the free eligibility check shows your band before you pay a new government fee, and licence-checked partners handle appeals where a route offers one.